Assessing Reaction Mechanisms of Graphite Negative Electrodes Based on Operando Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Data

Since the commercialization of rechargeable Li ion batteries in early 1990 s, performance these devices has continually improved. In such batteries, graphite is typically used as negative electrode and present work examined reaction mechanisms at electrodes based on operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses during charge/discharge. The resulting in-plane patterns Li-intercalated permitted a detailed analysis changes three-dimensional structure electrode. As intercalation proceeded from dilute stage 1 (with less intercalation) to final (the formation LiC 6 ), material transitioned random p(?3 × ?3)R30° via superlattice p(3 3)R0° structure. data also indicate that series superlattices was formed result successive rearrangements, depending amount intercalated into graphite.